The Hungarian tribes, arriving from the Asian steppes, have occupied and then populated the middle part of Central-Europe, the area between the mountain ranges of the Alps and the Carpathians run across by the Danube and Tisza rivers, in the 9th-10th century. Compared to Western-European countries, the adoption of Christianity, the founding of the state, then the establishment of the inherent western-type state administration has begun in Hungary several hundred years later. From the middle of the 16th century, this process was wrecked right away by the losing wars against the Ottoman Empire, followed by the subjection to the „liberator” Habsburg Empire that has lasted for hundreds of years, as well as by the adaptation constraints though bringing occasionally economic and social convergence. In a strange way, only the losing World War I put an end to it entirely.

Armed, blood-stumbled fighting against oppressive powers, such as Rákóczi’s War of Independence, the Revolution and War of Independence in 1848-1849 or the 1956 Revolution against the Soviet Empire have all increased the determination of the nation for implementing a successful economic policy.

Hungary, also losing in World War II, came into the Soviet Union’s sphere of influence, but was able to hold the position of the “happiest barrack” and “showcase country” within the Soviet-type planned economy system. Financial aspects of a raw market economy following the disintegration of the socialist world system, as well as that of an active state operation after 2010 may both provide interesting pieces of information to those interested in this country with a rich, but hectic economic history.

The Author’s Brief Curriculum Vitae 

Prof. Dr. CSABA LENTNER (1962, Pápa, Hungary), full professor, is head of the Public Finances Research Institute at the Faculty of Political Sciences and Administration of the National University of Public Service. He was graduated at the Budapest University of Economics in 1989. He acquired a university doctorate degree in 1991, as well as passed exams to become an auditor and tax advisor. In 1995 he was awarded by a candidate’s degree in economic sciences at the Hungarian Academy of Sciences. His habilitation in public finances took place in 2003.

He started his professional career in the National Bank of Hungary as analyst economist. In the 1990’s he was member of the board of directors and chairman of supervisory board in state owned companies and banks, as well as Chairman of the General Assembly of Budapest, later Member of Parliament.   Alongside his professional and public tasks, his career as university professor and researcher began in 1995, after having acquired his academic degree, in the position of head of department, institute director, vice-dean and deputy rector. He is a member of the Future Research Committee of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences and vice-president of the Association of Management and Scientific Societies. He has carried out scientific research work abroad in Cambridge, at the Sorbonne University in Paris, at Minzu University in Beijing, in the Bank of England and the FedCenter in Washington. 

In 2013, he was given the Wekerle Sándor Scientific Lifetime Achievement Award for putting the new type of finances practice in a scientific system and his school-building activity. In 2018, he received the Officers’ Cross of the Hungarian Order of Merit state award as recognition of his diverse academic teaching and publishing work for the development of Hungarian finance and economics.

公元9到10世纪，源于亚洲草原的匈牙利部落向中欧的中部迁居，占领了被阿尔卑斯山脉和喀尔巴阡山脉环绕，流淌着多瑙河和蒂萨河的区域。匈牙利与西欧国家相比，在引入基督教、建国和完善西式行政系统等事务上，起步晚了数百年时间。从16世纪中叶开始，匈牙利体制的发展进程因被奥斯曼帝国侵略而搁置。之后，又被“解放者”哈布斯堡帝国征服并统治了几百年，在此期间匈牙利在各种限制下仍然能够获得一些经济积累和社会凝聚，这个局面最终以奥匈帝国在第一次世界大战战败后结束。

匈牙利民族发动的反对压迫势力的多次血腥的武装战斗，如拉科奇（Rákóczi）独立战争，1848-1849年的革命和独立战争以及1956年的反苏维埃革命等，都增加了匈牙利实施成功经济政策的决心。

在第二届世界大战中战败的匈牙利成为了苏联的统治地区，但还是能在苏联式计划经济体系中达到“最幸福的营房”和“展示国”的地位。社会主义世界体系瓦解后的原始市场经济局面，以及2010年后的活跃的国家运作，都能给那些对匈牙利丰富且动荡不安的经济历史感兴趣的人传达有价值的经验。

伦特奈尔•乔巴博士教授【（Prof. Dr. LENTNER CSABA）1962年出生于匈牙利帕保市（Pápa）】，正教授，现任匈牙利行政大学政治学与行政学院公共财政研究所所长。1989年毕业于布达佩斯经济大学。1991年获得博士学位，并通过审计师和税务顾问资格考试。在1995年，获得了匈牙利科学院经济学副博士学位。2003年获得特许任教博士资格。

他的职业生涯的第一份工作是在匈牙利国家银行担任分析师经济学家。之后在90年代先后担任了几个国有公司和银行的董事和监事会会长、布达佩斯城市议会议长，后来当选国会议员。除了担任专业和公共任务之外，在获得学位后，于1995年开始先后任大学教授、研究员、系主任、研究所所长、副院长、副校长。他是匈牙利科学院未来研究委员会委员，又是管理与科学学会联盟副主席。在剑桥大学、巴黎索邦大学、北京中央民族大学、英格兰银行和华盛顿FedCenter都进行了科学研究工作。

2013年，因将新型金融实践纳入科学体系和构建学派活动而获得了匈牙利维凯勒·山多尔（Wekerle Sándor）科学终身成就奖。2018年，获得了匈牙利功绩勋章，以表彰他为匈牙利金融和经济发展所做的多种学术、教学和出版工作。